Abstract
In this paper, the sensitivity of slotted photonic crystal waveguides (SPCW) with triangular lattice pattern of ring-shaped holes is analyzed in order to realize highly refractive index (RI) sensor devices at mid-infrared wavelengths. The sensing principle is based on the shift of the transmission spectrum edge of these specific ring hole SPCW waveguides giving rise to reinforced light–matter interaction. The 3D simulation results applied to silicon waveguides on membrane show that this guide geometry leads to a very high sensitivity to variations in the ambient environment index, with very dependent trends on the opto-geometric factors of the waveguides. As a matter of example, a \(720 \,\mathrm{nm}\) wavelength position band edge shift is predicted, corresponding to a sensitivity of more than \(1450 \,\mathrm{nm}\) per refractive index unit with a device insertion loss level of \(-\,3 \,\mathrm{dB}\).
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Caer, C., Le Roux, X., Marris-Morini, D., Izard, N., Vivien, L., Gao, D., Cassan, E., et al.: Dispersion engineering of wide slot photonic crystal waveguides by Bragg-like corrugation of the slot. IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 23(18), 1298–1300 (2011)
Caer, C., Le Roux, X., Cassan, E.: Enhanced localization of light in slow wave slot photonic crystal waveguides. Opt. Lett. 37(17), 3660–3662 (2012)
Charles Caër, X.L.R.E.C., Combrié, S., Rossi, A.D.: Extreme optical confinement in a slotted photonic crystal waveguide. Appl. Phys. Lett. 105, 121111 (2014)
Di Falco, A., O’Faolain, L., Krauss, T.: Photonic crystal slotted slab waveguides. Photon. Nanostruct. Fundam. Appl. 6(1), 38–41 (2008)
Di Falco, A., Massari, M., Scullion, M., Schulz, S., Romanato, F., Krauss, T.: Propagation losses of slotted photonic crystal waveguides. IEEE Photon. J. 4(5), 1536–1541 (2012)
Dutta, H.S., Goyal, A.K., Srivastava, V., Pal, S.: Coupling light in photonic crystal waveguides: a review. Photon. Nanostruct. Fundam. Appl. 20, 41–58 (2016)
Goyal, A.K., Pal, S.: Design and simulation of high-sensitive gas sensor using a ring-shaped photonic crystal waveguide. Phys. Scr. 90(2), 025503 (2015)
Johnson, S.G., Joannopoulos, J.D.: Block-iterative frequency-domain methods for Maxwell’s equations in a basis. Opt. Express 8(3), 173–190 (2001)
Kassa-Baghdouche, L., Cassan, E.: Mid-infrared refractive index sensing using optimized slotted photonic crystal waveguides. Photon. Nanostruct. Fundam. Appl. 28, 32–36 (2018a)
Kassa-Baghdouche, L., Cassan, E.: High efficiency slotted photonic crystal waveguides for the determination of gases using mid-infrared spectroscopy. Instrum. Sci. Technol. 46(5), 534–544 (2018b)
Lai, W.C., Chakravarty, S., Wang, X., Lin, C., Chen, R.T.: On-chip methane sensing by near-IR absorption signatures in a photonic crystal slot waveguide. Opt. Lett. 36(6), 984–986 (2011)
Lai, W.C., Chakravarty, S., Wang, X., Lin, C., Chen, R.T.: Photonic crystal slot waveguide absorption spectrometer for on-chip near-infrared spectroscopy of xylene in water. Appl. Phys. Lett. 98(2), 7 (2011)
Mulot, M., Säynätjoki, A., Arpiainen, S., Lipsanen, H., Ahopelto, J.: Slow light propagation in photonic crystal waveguides with ring-shaped holes. J. Opt. A Pure Appl. Opt. 9(9), S415 (2007)
Oskooi, A.F., Roundy, D., Ibanescu, M., Bermel, P., Joannopoulos, J.D., Johnson, S.G.: MEEP: a flexible free-software package for electromagnetic simulations by the FDTD method. Comput. Phys. Commun. 181(3), 687–702 (2010)
Säynätjoki, A., Mulot, M., Ahopelto, J., Lipsanen, H.: Dispersion engineering of photonic crystal waveguides with ring-shaped holes. Opt. Express 15(13), 8323–8328 (2007)
Scullion, M., Krauss, T., Di Falco, A.: High efficiency interface for coupling into slotted photonic crystal waveguides. IEEE Photon. J. 3(2), 203–208 (2011)
Soref, R.: Mid-infrared photonics in silicon and germanium. Nat. Photon. 4(8), 495 (2010)
Taflove, A., Hagness, S.C.: Computational Electrodynamics: The Finite-Difference Time-Domain Method. Artech House, Norwood (2005)
Zhang, Yn, Zhao, Y., Wang, Q.: Optimizing the slow light properties of slotted photonic crystal waveguide and its application in a high-sensitivity gas sensing system. Measur. Sci. Technol. 24(10), 105109 (2013)
Zhu, K.T., Deng, T.S., Sun, Y., Zhang, Q.F., Wu, J.L.: Slow light property in ring-shape-hole slotted photonic crystal waveguide. Opt. Commun. 290, 87–91 (2013)
Zou, Y., Chakravarty, S., Wray, P., Chen, R.T.: Mid-infrared holey and slotted photonic crystal waveguides in silicon-on-sapphire for chemical warfare simulant detection. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 221, 1094–1103 (2015)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kassa-Baghdouche, L., Cassan, E. Sensitivity analysis of ring-shaped slotted photonic crystal waveguides for mid-infrared refractive index sensing. Opt Quant Electron 51, 328 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-019-2040-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-019-2040-4